The first is after a word introducing a quotation, an explanation, an example, or a series.

John was hurt he knew she only said it to upset him.Ī colon (:) has three main uses.

It shows a closer relationship between the clauses than a period would show. The semicolon ( ) is used to connect independent clauses. It usually comes down to a style choice by the writer. This final comma, known as an Oxford or serial comma, is useful in a complex series of elements or phrases but is often considered unnecessary in a simple series such as in the example above. Whether to add a final comma before the conjunction in a list is a matter of debate.

Separating lists or elements within sentences: Suzi wanted the black, green, and blue dress.

Separation of two complete sentences: We went to the movies, and then we went out to lunch.

Direct address: Thanks for all your help, John.

Additionally, it is used in numbers, dates, and letter writing after the salutation and closing.

The comma is used to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure of a sentence. The comma, semicolon, and colon are often misused because they all can indicate a pause in a series.

Use keys in a sentence